![]() Thus, by enhancing synaptic strength, hypoxia-induced BDNF synthesis may benefit memory (i.e., plasticity). , executive functions were enhanced during and after acute exercise in normoxia, which is in line with the results of the latest review taken by Basso and Suzuki. In a meta-analysis conducted by Chang et al. The inference is that these changes in the serum levels of BDNF are suggestive of increases in BDNF in the brain and, thus, have long-term relevance for brain health and cognitive performance because BDNF is able to pass the blood–brain barrier. The rise in BDNF is inversely correlated with exercise intensity and is sensitive to an acute bout of exercise. BDNF, on the other hand, is hypothesized to be involved in the improvement of cognitive function as a result of exercise. Moreover, the magnitude of this decline is dependent on the severity of cognitive impairment. It has been demonstrated that cognitive impairment occurs in neurodegenerative disorders and is linked to a reduced blood BDNF. Recent evidence suggests that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in this phenomena. When these effects are coupled, they act as both a rapid adaptation to the higher metabolic and functional demands of exercise and a faster, more effective way for the brain to process information centrally. As the body exerts itself more, each of these highly functional outcomes helps to maximize neurological, metabolic, and muscular performance. Along with increasing levels of central arousal, peripheral catecholamines can also facilitate the production of other stress hormones, raise heart rate, and cause differential vasoconstriction that favors blood flow to skeletal muscle. The brain’s induced release of catecholamines is thought to be mostly responsible for processing-speed increase. It is unclear whether the aforementioned exercise outcomes can be influenced by a hypoxia-induced negative impact on the CNS. ![]() Furthermore, the mechanisms of hypoxia’s influence on the central nervous system (CNS) are largely unknown. Some evidence suggests that hypoxia impairs cognitive function. There is also relatively little information regarding the effects of hypoxia on psychomotor performance in subjects who conducted low- and high-intensity exercise. However, when exercise intensity is moderate, they could also profit from rises in arousal and exercise-enhanced central nervous system arousal, which can be associated with an overall increase in neuroelectric activation. Therefore, it is believed that certain professions and tasks are more vulnerable to the harmful effects of stress. Working memory tasks impact the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex hippocampus, and maybe the basal ganglia and cerebellum, according to a positron emission tomography study. indicated that there is no difference in the effects of hypoxia on cognitive performance between executive and non-executive tasks. ![]() However, a meta-regression analysis by McMorris et al. There are data claiming that hypoxic conditions more likely have a negative impact on central executive tasks (such as executive function) than on non-executive tasks (such as perception, attention, and short-term memory tasks). ![]() This may be related to the significant increase in BDNF concentration and, as a consequence, positively affect the executive functions. Exercise in such conditions may offset the negative effects of hypoxia alone on cognitive function. Acute exercise under normobaric hypoxia did not impair cognitive function despite a significant decrease in SpO 2. ![]() In addition, a statistical increase ( p < 0.0001) in BDNF concentration was observed after both conditions. There were no significant differences in any part of the Stroop interference test regardless of the conditions (NOR, NH), despite a statistical decrease in SpO 2 ( p < 0.0001) under normobaric hypoxic conditions. To assess cognitive function, Stroop test was applied. Seventeen healthy subjects participated in a crossover study where they performed two sessions of single breathing bouts combined with moderate intensity exercise under two conditions: normoxia (NOR EX) and normobaric hypoxia (NH EX). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the potential positive effects of exercise performed under normobaric hypoxia can counteract the negative effects of hypoxia on cognitive function, and whether these changes correlate with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations. In turn, physical exercise can improve performance and enhance cognitive functions. Memory impairment, reduced learning ability, decreased concentration, and psychomotor performance can be all signs of deleterious impact of hypoxia on cognitive functioning. ![]()
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